Block+2+-+table+of+thoracic+and+abdominal+organs


 * Organ || Anatomy || Blood supply || Lymphatic drainage || Visceral afferent innervation || Parasympathetic innervation || Sympathetic innervation ||
 * Lungs || Main function is gas exchange; R lung has 3 lobes split by horizontal & diagonal fissures, split into 10 tertiary bronchi (A PALM SAM LP); L lung has 2 lobes split by oblique fissure, split into 8 tertiary bronchi (ASIA ALPS) || A: minor - supply from R&L bronchial aa (branches of aorta) carrying OXY blood to primary & secondary bronchi; major - pulmonary aa (branch of pulmonary trunk) carries DEoxy blood from RV to tertiary bronchi, bronchioles & lung tissue; V: pulmonary vv (2 on each side) carrying OXY blood from lungs to LA; R broncial v drains to azygos, L bronchial v drains to accessory hemiazygos v or to L superior intercostal v || Ass w/ channels running alongside the bronchioles & bronchi; LNs found near hila called bronchopulmonary nodes; near carina "carina nodes"; near trachea "tracheal nodes" || Detect irritants to lungs || Acetylcholine causes bronchilar constriction & vasodilation: Neurons from brain stem -- vagus nn to terminal ganglia of peribronchial plexi || Norepinephrine causes vasocontriction: direct - axons from thoracic paravertebral chain to inn arteriolar smooth muscle cells; indirect - cirulating norepinephrine & epinephrine from adrenal medulla relax bronchiolar smooth muscle cells ||
 * Heart || Muscular pump for CV system enclosed by pericardium in the mediastinum || A: Epicardium & myocardium receive OXY blood via RCA & LCA - RCA from right aortic sinus branches into: anterior R arterial a (includes SA nodal branch), R marginal branch, AV nodal branch, & ends as posterior interventricular a; LCA from L aortic sinus giving branches: LAD, circumflex a, L marginal a V: all coronary vv empty into coronary sinus - great cardiac v (runs w/ LAD), middle cardiac v (runs w/ PDA), small cardiac v (runs w/ R marginal) || Myocardium & connective tissue drain to subepicardial LNs; other vessels drain to tracheobronchial LNs || Sensory info about CNS: nn from T1-T4 DRG, spinal n, white rami cc, sympathetic ganglia, visceral rami, to vagal ganglia & follow vagus nn and vagus n branches || Reduce heart rate, contractile force & blood flow: nn from brain stem -- vagus nn to synapse in cardiac plexus via cervical & thoracic vagal cardiac nn, post-ganglion to synapse in SA node || Increases heart rate, impulse conduction, contractile force, & blood flow: preganglionic from T1-T5, synapse in cervical & thoracic ganglia, postganglionic to cardiac plexus via cervical & thoracic cardiac nn, ending in SA & AV nodes, near coronary aa ||
 * Abdominal esophagus || Emerges into abdomen at diaphragm (T10), ends at stomach (esophagogastric junction); 2-5cm long; inferior esophageal sphincter normally contracted || A: L gastric a. & less so from L inferior phrenic a. V: esophageal v to azygos to L gastric v || Ass w/ esophagastric junction & collection near celiac trunk || Stretch receptors: from mid-thoracic DRG & vagus nn, pass thru celiac gangion || INCREASE motility: Neurons from brain stem -- vagus nn to esophageal plexus -> inn pacemaker cells || Cause normal muscle tone of sphincter: IML CC of mid-thoracic spinal cord -- join greater splanchnic n to celiac ganglion ||
 * Stomach || Enlargement of abdominal gut b/w esophogus & small intestine; lesser & greater curvatures are associated w/ ligaments - lesser & greater omentums respectively || A: celiac trunk & branches - lesser curve = R & L gastric aa; greater curve = R & L gastroepiploic aa; fundus=short gastric a V: named after aa & dump into hepatic portal v || L lesser curve = esophagogastric junction; R lesser curve = suprapyloric nodes; greater curve = gastroepiploic nodes; fundus = splenic nodes || Stretch receptors: from mid-thoracic DRG & greater splanchnic pass through celiac plexus to inn wall of stomach || INCREASE motility: Neurons from brain stem -- vagus nn to esophageal plexus -> inn pacemaker cells || Slow churning & decrease blood supply: IML CC of T5,T6,T7, T8, &T9 -- join greater splanchnic n to celiac ganglion ||
 * Duodenum (1st) || Superior (horizontal) portion extending from stomach at L1; ass w/ hepatoduodenal lig. & is fairly mobile; contains glands that neutralize stomach acids || A: proper hepatic a via supraduodenal a V: by vv of same names as aa leading to HPV || Follow veins and drain to celiac nodes || Stretch receptors & chemical events: caudal thoracic DRG, white ramus cc of spinal n, contribute to greater splanchnic n…pierce diaphragm to celiac plexus to inn wall of duodenum || INCREASE motility: Preganglionic fibers from brain stem, travel vagus nn & esophageal plexus, pass through celiac & superior mesenteric plexi, & synaptic contact w/ intramural nn; Postganglionic travel short distance w/in wall of duodenum to make synapse w/ pacemakers of enteric NS || Slow peristalsis & decrease blood supply during periods of stress: nn from IML CC of mid-thoracic spinal cord, preganglionc to white rami cc & pass through sympathetic ganglia, visceral rami & contribute to greater splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm to make synapes in celiac gangion; postgangionic join celiac plexus & inn blood vessels & pacemaker nn of enteric NS ||
 * Duodenum (2nd) || Descending (vertical) portion; runs L1-L3 on R side of IVC near pancreas; receives digestive bile & pancreatic juices; (secondarily retroperitoneal) || A: gastroduodenal a via ant & post superior pancreaticoduodenal aa; V: by vv of same names as aa leading to HPV ||^  ||^   ||^   ||^   ||
 * Duodenum (3rd) || Inferior (horizontal) portion at L3; ass w/ pancreas; passes ant to IVC & aorta, post to SMA & V (secondarily retroperitoneal) || A: Superior mesentaric a via ant & post inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa; V: by vv of same names as aa leading to HPV || Follow veins and drain to superior mesentaric nodes ||^  ||^   ||^   ||
 * Duodenum (4th) || Ascending (vertical) portion left of L3 & aorta; supported by suspensory lig. of the diaphragm (Treitz), which allows movement of chyme at duodenojejunal jxn; (secondarily retroperitoneal) ||^  ||^   ||^   ||^   ||^   ||
 * Jejunum & Ileum || 6-7m in length w/ jejunum = 40% & ileum = 60%; both absorb nutrients from chyme; jejunum receives chyme from duodenum, delivers to ileum, which delivers chyme to cecum || A: SMA; V: SMV, a tributary to the HPV || Drains to nodes ass w/ SMA = superior mesenteric LNs || Stretch receptors: DRG of caudal thoracic spinal nn…greater & lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm thru superior mesenteric plexi to inn walls || INCREASE motility: Preganglionic from brain stem, travel on vagus nn, thru esophageal plexus to walls; postganglionic travel on blood vessels to pacemakers of enteric NS || Slow peristalsis & decrease blood supply: Preganglionic from IML of caudal thoracic spinal cord thru sympathetic ganglia, visceral rami to contribute to lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm to make synapse w/ superior mesenteric ganglia; postganglionic join superior mesenteric plexus to inn blood vessels & pacemakers of enteric NS ||
 * Cecum & Appendix || Located where small bowel meets large bowel; not part of linear flow of chyme; both are mobile; cecum is 10cm long & directly receives chyme at ileocecal jxn; characterized by haustra, tenia coli, epliploic appendices; appendix is 8-10cm & plays immune surveillance roll || A: cecum from ileocolic a, branch of SMA; appendix from appendicular a, branch of ileocolic; V: follow arteries and empty to HPV || Ass w/ ileocolic nodes & cecal nodes || Stretch/ inflammation receptors: DRG of caudal thoracic spinal nn…greater & lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm thru superior mesenteric plexi to inn walls || INCREASE motility: Preganglionic from brain stem, travel on vagus nn, thru esophageal plexus to walls; postganglionic travel on blood vessels to pacemakers of enteric NS || Slow emptying of large bowel & decrease blood supply: Preganglionic from IML CC of caudal thoracic spinal cord...thru sympathetic ganglia, visceral rami to contribute to lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm to make synapse w/ superior mesenteric ganglia; postganglionic join superior mesenteric plexus to inn blood vessels & pacemakers of enteric NS ||
 * Ascending Colon || Begins distal to ileocecal jxn, ends at inferior surface of liver; vertical & turns at R colic flexure; forms R paracolic gutter (secondarily retroperitoneal) || A: ileocolic a, branch of SMA; appendix from appendicular a, branch of ileocolic; V: follow arteries and empty to HPV || Ass w/ ileocolic nodes & cecal nodes || Stretch receptors: DRG of caudal thoracic spinal nn…greater & lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm thru superior mesenteric plexi to inn walls || INCREASE motility: Preganglionic from brain stem, travel on vagus nn, thru esophageal plexus to walls; postganglionic travel on blood vessels to pacemakers of enteric NS || Slow peristalsis & decrease blood supply: Preganglionic from IML CC of caudal thoracic spinal cord...thru sympathetic ganglia, visceral rami to contribute to lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm to make synapse w/ superior mesenteric ganglia; postganglionic join superior mesenteric plexus to inn blood vessels & pacemakers of enteric NS ||
 * Transverse colon || Part of large bowel ass w/ transverse mesocolon, which connects superior surface to posterial abd wall; ass w/ gastrocolic lig (from greater omentum) connecting inferior surface to stomach; b/c of these connections it is highly mobile from right to left colic flexure || A: middle colic a (branch of SMA); some from right colic a (branch of SMA) & left colic a (branch of IMA) therefore "watershed"; V: middle colic v drains to SMV & parts near splanchnic flexure to IMV; SMV & splenic (where IMV dumps) fuse to form HPV || Ass w/ middle colic nodes, and superior mesenteric nodes || Stretch receptors when large bowel is full of chyme: DRG of caudal thoracic spinal nn…greater & lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm thru superior mesenteric plexi to inn walls || INCREASE motility: Preganglionic from brain stem, travel on vagus nn, thru esophageal plexus to walls; postganglionic travel on blood vessels to pacemakers of enteric NS || Slow peristalsis & decrease blood supply: Preganglionic from IML CC of caudal thoracic spinal cord...thru sympathetic ganglia, visceral rami to contribute to lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm to make synapse w/ superior mesenteric ganglia; postganglionic join superior mesenteric plexus to inn blood vessels & pacemakers of enteric NS ||
 * Descending colon || Part of large bowel beginning at left colic flexure descending left abd wall to create left paracolic gutter; secondarily retroperitoneal || A: mainly from L colic a (branch of IMA) & some from R colic a (branch of SMA), therefore "watershed"; V: middle colic v drains to SMV & parts near splanchnic flexure to IMV; SMV & splenic (where IMV dumps) fuse to form HPV || Ass w/ left colic nodes, and inferior mesenteric nodes || Stretch receptors when large bowel is full of chyme: DRG of caudal thoracic spinal nn…greater & lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm thru superior mesenteric plexi to inn walls || INCREASE motility: Preganglionic from SACRAL spinal cord, travel on pelvic splachnic nn, thru interior hypogastric plexus, follow aa & vv to walls; postganglionic travel on blood vessels to pacemakers of enteric NS || Slow peristalsis & decrease blood supply: Preganglionic from IML CC of caudal thoracic spinal cord...thru sympathetic ganglia, visceral rami to contribute to lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm, travel thru superior mesenteric ganglion, thru aortic plexus to synapse w/ inferior mesenteric ganglion; postganglionic follow blood vessels to inn blood vessels & pacemakers of enteric NS ||
 * Sigmoid colon || "S-shaped," mobile part of large bowel beginning at descending colon & ending at pelvic aperature || A: from sigmoid aa off of inferior mesenteric a; V: parallel aa becoming tributaries to inferior mesenteric v (& onto splenic v) || Ass w/ sigmoid colic nodes, and inferior mesenteric nodes || Stretch receptors ass w/ bowel urgency: DRG of caudal thoracic spinal nn…lesser splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm thru superior mesenteric plexi to inn walls || INCREASE motility: Preganglionic from SACRAL spinal cord, travel on pelvic splachnic nn, thru interior hypogastric plexus, follow aa & vv to walls making synaptic contact w/ parasympathetic gangila; postganglionic travel on blood vessels to pacemakers of enteric NS || Slow peristalsis & decrease blood supply: Preganglionic from IML CC of caudal thoracic spinal cord...thru sympathetic ganglia, travel down sympathetic trunks to lumbar ganglia, visceral rami to contribute to lumbar splanchnic nn, reach superior mesenteric ganglion, thru aortic plexus to synapse w/ inferior mesenteric ganglion; postganglionic follow blood vessels to inn blood vessels & pacemakers of enteric NS ||
 * Liver || Alimentary organ in RUQ; 2nd largest organ in body; attached by coronary lig to diaphragm & by falciform lig to anterior abd wall; divided into 8 regions || A: proper hepatic a (branch of celiac trunk); V: HPV || Ass w/ porta hepatis in hepatoduodenal lig || Obscure || Obscure || Vasoconstriction: preganglionic from IML CC of lower thoracic spinal cord & travel along lesser thoracic spanchnic nn to abd, travel to celiac plexus & follow common hepatic a ||
 * Gallbladder || 8-10cm unpaired greenish organ on inferior surface of liver; stores, receives & delivers bile to 2nd part of duodenum via the biliary system || A:cystic a (branch of right hepatic a); V: HPV? || Ass w/ porta hepatis || Obscure || Obscure: functions to stimulate contraction of the gallbladder walls, forcing bile into biliary system; nn in brain stem travel thru vagus nn, esophageal plexus & vagal trunks to celiac plexus; postganglionic follow porta hepatis to cystic a into wall || Vasoconstriction: preganglionic from IML CC of lower thoracic spinal cord and travel along lesser thoracic spanchnic nn to abd, travel to celiac plexus & follow common hepatic a ||
 * Pancreas || An exocrine/endocrine organ found at L1, looks like horizontal "?" w/ head against 2nd/3rd parts of duodenum; has central & accessory ducts; has 3 sphincteric mm at: bile duct portion of pancreatic duct, pancreatic duct, fused portion of duct || A: ant & post pancreaticoduodenal aa (off gastroduonenal), sup & post pancreatic aa, great pancreatic a (all off of celiac trunk) & ant & post inferior pancreaticoduondenal aa (off common inferior pancreaticoduodenal a) (ALL from SMA); V: great pancreatic v || Ass w/ pancreaticoduodenal nodes, celiac nodes, pyloric nodes and splenic nodes || Inflammation receptors (excrutiating pain): DRG of mid-thoracic spinal nn…lesser thoracic splanchnic nn, pierce diaphragm thru celiac plexus to inn walls || Obscure || Obscure ||
 * Spleen || Purple organ that is part of the immune system; hilum of spleen has abundant blood supply, consistent w/ it's fxn in blood red cell turnover & immune surveillance; can be easily ruptured || A: splenic a (branch of celiac trunk) which has tortuous path posterior to pancreas; V: spenic v (from IMV) to HPV || Ass w/ splenic nodes || Obscure || Obscure || Vasoconstriction: preganglionic from IML CC of lower thoracic spinal cord, travels along lesser thoracic spanchnic nn to abd, travels to celiac plexus to make synaptic connections in superior mesenteric ganglion & follow splenic a into hilum of spleen ||
 * Kidneys || Paired organs found w/in perirenal fat pads deep to ant surfaces of 11&12th ribs;filters blood, while reabsorbing salt/water & excreting blood metabolites; R kidney is a couple cm more inferior than L; hilum is char by additional presence of renal pelvis || A: renal aa (branch off aorta), R renal a is 2x length of L renal a, accessory renal aa sometimes exist; V: paired renal vv dump into IVC L renal v is longer than R renal v || Ass w/ hilum of the kidneys at renal hilar nodes & w/ the aorta at lateral aortic nodes || Obscure || Obscure || Vasoconstriction: preganglionic fromIML CC of mid-thoracic spinal cord and travel along lesser thoracic spanchnic nn to abd, travel to celiac plexus to make synaptic connections in aortiocorenal ganglion & follow renal aa into lumen of kidneys ||
 * Adrenal glands || Lobulated yellow "hats" sitting on superior poles of kidneys; endocrine fxn - cortex produces steroid hormones from cholesterol & medulla produces epinephrine/ norepinephrine; cells are functionally similar to sympathetic nn || A: 3 sets - superior suprarenal aa (branches of inferior phrenic aa), middle suprarenal aa (branches of abd aorta), inferior suprarenal aa (branches off renal aa); V: suprarenal v || Ass w/ lumbar glands || Obscure || Obscure || Receives preganglionic sympathetic fibers; nn start in IML CC of lower thoracic spinal cord, pass thru ventral roots, spinal nn, white rami cc, sympathetic ganglia, join lesser splachnic n & enter pelvis to make synaptic contact w/ neuron-like cells in adrenal medulla causing release of epinephrine = "adrenaline rush" ||