8.24.11+-+Self+Study...+Introduction+to+Anatomy


 * Self Study - 24 August 2011 **


 * 1. Define and describe the “anatomical position.” **


 * The subject has feet and knees together, upper limbs at sides with palms facing forward, head and eyes facing forward, and has both upper limbs and lower limbs straight.


 * 2. Define and demonstrate the following anatomical planes: **
 * ** longitudinal **- includes the median plane, but more generally includes any plane that runs through the long axis of the body
 * ** coronal/frontal ** - a plane that runs perpendicular to the median plane.
 * ** median **
 * ** midsagittal **
 * ** transverse/horizontal **
 * ** sagittal **
 * ** oblique **
 * ** parasagittal **

See also: This illustration


 * 3. Define and demonstrate the following terms of anatomical relationship: **


 * ** anterior **
 * ** posterior **
 * ** cephalic ? **
 * ** cranial ? **
 * ** ventral **
 * ** dorsal **
 * ** caudal **
 * ** rostral **
 * palmar**:** this pertains to body parts that stick out from the body (nose, foot, etc). If you face the palm of your hands towards the floor, then palmar is the bottom of your hand (palm-side)
 * ** plantar: ** this pertains to body parts that stick out from the body (nose, foot, etc). If you're in the same orientation as you are for palmar (see above), then plantar is the top of your hand (the side facing towards the ceiling)
 * ** superior **
 * ** inferior **
 * **lateral**
 * ** medial **
 * ** superior **
 * ** inferior **
 * **lateral**
 * ** medial **
 * **lateral**
 * ** medial **


 * 4. Define and demonstrate the following terms of anatomical comparison: **


 * ** proximal **
 * ** distal **
 * ** external: ** external and internal refer to things with a center (organ/thorax, etc.). External means closer to the surface
 * ** internal ** : internal means closer to the center
 * ** superficial **
 * ** deep **
 * ** contralateral **
 * ** ipsilateral **
 * ** exterior **
 * ** interior **
 * ** visceral ** : as far as I can tell, this is the same thing as internal
 * ** parietal ** : same thing as external
 * ** exterior **
 * ** interior **
 * ** visceral ** : as far as I can tell, this is the same thing as internal
 * ** parietal ** : same thing as external
 * ** parietal ** : same thing as external


 * 5. Define and demonstrate the following terms of movement: **

>
 * ** pronation: ** in the anatomical position, turning the thumb towards the middle. If holding the hand with palm, up, turning the palm medially so that the palm faces the floor
 * ** supination ** :the opposite of pronation
 * "yo u are **pro**ne to drop the soap if you do pronation. But you can hold the **so**ap if you do supination"
 * ** flexion **
 * ** extension **


 * ** abduction: ** when you increase the angle between bones, and/or move away from the median . "when someone **ab**ducts you they take you away"
 * ** adduction: ** when you decrease the angle between bones, and/or move towards from the median


 * ** protrusion **
 * ** retrusion **


 * ** protract **
 * ** retract **


 * ** rotation **
 * ** medial rotation **
 * ** lateral rotation **


 * ** radial deviation ? **
 * ** ulnar deviation ? **


 * ** circumdution ** - a complex coordination of several muscle actions to produce movement along a circular path (illustration)


 * ** inversion **
 * ** elevation **
 * ** eversion **
 * ** depression **


 * 6. Name the four quadrants of the abdomen. **


 * 7. Regarding integumentary system (skin), define the following: **


 * ** epidermis **
 * ** dermis **
 * ** subcutaneous layer **


 * 8. Describe the major functions of the skin. **


 * 9. Regarding the skeletal system, define and describe the following terms: **


 * ** axial skeleton **
 * ** short bone **
 * ** appendicular skeleton **


 * ** flat bone ** : skull
 * ** irregular bone: ** face bones


 * ** compact bone **: hard bone
 * ** spongy bone: ** bones with holes in it


 * ** sesamoid bone **
 * ** bone marrow cavity **
 * ** diaphysis **
 * ** bone marrow **
 * ** epiphysis **
 * ** long bone **
 * ** metaphysis **


 * 10. For joints, describe the following terms. Give an example of each. **


 * ** fibrous joint **
 * ** cartilaginous joint **
 * ** synovial joint **


 * 11. Regarding muscle, define the following terms: **


 * ** skeletal muscle **
 * ** insertion/distal attachment **
 * ** tendon **
 * ** agonist muscle **
 * ** aponeurosis ** : when muscles form flat sheets
 * ** antagonist muscle **
 * ** origin/proximal attachment **
 * ** synergist muscle: ** a muscle that complements the action of another muscle (often to serve as a fixator/steadier)

I can't find this information in the book.
 * 12. Identify glands forming the endocrine system. Describe its general functions. **
 * 13. Describe the following terms relating to the cardiovascular system: **


 * ** artery ** : largest. has a lot of elastic layers to accomodate spikes in blood pressure
 * ** arteriole **
 * ** capillary **
 * ** venule ** : different from vein because it has no valves
 * ** vein: ** have thinner walls than arteries because the pressure is lower in veins
 * exceptions include the pulmonary arteries, which take deoxygenated blood towards the lungs and the pulmonary veins, which take oxygen-rich blood towards the heart.
 * 14. For the lymphatic system, describe the following terms: **


 * ** lymph vessels ** : body-wide network that drains surplus plasma proteins and fluids from interstitial and inter-cellular spaces
 * ** lymph: ** excess tissue fluid in interstitial and inter-cellular space
 * ** lymph nodes: ** filters lymph
 * ** lymphoid tissues ** : sites that produce lymphocytes (circulating immune cells)


 * 15. Identify organs/structures forming the respiratory system. Describe its general **
 * functions. **


 * 16. Identify organs/structures forming the gastrointestinal (digestive) system. Identify **
 * its major functions. **


 * 17. Name organs/structures forming the urinary system. Identify its major functions. **


 * 18. Name organs forming the reproductive systems. Name their functions. **