11.11.11-+Cartilage-Bones-Joints

I. Cartilage A. Compare and contrast the macromolecular constituents, fiber organization, and functions of hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

B. Describe the growth of cartilage by interstitial and appositional processes.

C. Describe the nature and functions of the following components of cartilage. 1. Lacunae 2. Capsule / Territorial Matrix 3. Isogenous Groups (Cell Nests) 4. Chondrocytes 5. Chondroblasts 6. Perichondrium

II. Bone A. Describe the nature and functions of the following components of long bones. 1. Articular Cartilage 2. Marrow Cavity 3. Epiphysis 4. Metaphysis 5. Diaphysis 6. Spongy (Cancellous Bone) 7. Compact Bone 8. Endosteum 9. Periosteum

B. Describe the functions and organization of the following components of the Haversian system (osteon) in mature bone.

1. Haversian Canal 2. Haversian Lamella 3. Canaliculi 4. Lacunae 5. Osteocyte 6. Inner and Outer Circumferential Lamellae 7. Interstitial Lamella 8. Volkmann's Canal

C. Compare and contrast the morphology, functions, and location of the following cell types.

1. Osteoblasts 2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoclasts 4. Osteoprogenitor Cells

D. Describe the major steps in bone formation by intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

E. Compare and contrast mature bone with immature (woven) bone.

F. Describe the events leading to growth in length of long bones. Include an explanation of the nature and function of the following zones of an epiphyseal plate.

1. Zone of Reserve or Resting Cartilage 2. Zone of Proliferation 3. Zone of Hypertrophy or Maturation 4. Zone of Calcification 5. Zone of Ossification

G. Define "bone remodeling" and describe when, where, and how it happens.

H. Explain four general steps in bone fracture repair.

III. Describe the histological structure of a typical synovial joint (diarthroses).

IV. Identify the following microanatomical features in photomicrographs of histological sections:

A. Cartilage 1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Elastic Cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage 4. Chondrocyte 5. Lacunae 6. Perichondrium

B. Bone 1. Bone 2. Osteocyte 3. Osteoblast 4. Osteoclast 5. Osteoid 6. Megakaryocyte 7. Volkmann's Canal 8. Haversian System (Osteon) 9. Haversian Canal 10. Haversian Lamellae 11. Interstitial Lamellae 12. Circumferential Lamellae (Inner and Outer) 13. Epiphysial Plate 14. Endosteum 15. Periosteum