9.14.11+-+SS+Pleura+and+Lungs

=Pleura and Lungs=

1) Name and describe following surfaces of pleura visceral pleura: smooth layer of tissue covering lungs parietal pleura: smooth layer of tissue superficial to visceral pleura costal pleura: parietal pleura deep to ribs mediastinal pleura: parietal pleura medial to lungs. diaphragmatic pleura: parietal pleura inferior to lungs cervical pleura: parietal pleura superior to lungs

2). Define the following pleural recesses costodiaphragmatic recesses: potential space at posterior and lateral tips of pleural cavity, between costal and diaphragmatic pleura. lungs expand into during forced inspiration costomediastinal recesses: potential space at border of mediastinal pleura and costal pleura.

3) Identify arterial supply to the parietal and visceral pleurae. Parietal pleura supplied by thoracic wall arteries: intercostal, internal thoracic, musculophrenic Visceral Pleura supplied by bronchial arteries

4) Name the gross structures of the right lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) 2 fissures (oblique: major; horizontal: minor) Name the gross structures of the left lung: 2 lobes (superior, inferior) 1 fissure (oblique) lingulu - flap of lung extending medially, fills costomediastinal recess

5) Describe costal surface of lung: smooth convex, corresponding to thoracic wall Describe medialstinal surface of lung:center contains hilum (bronchus, pulmonary arteries (1 each), pulmonary veins (2 each). both lungs contain cardiac impressions (left is bigger). right lung contains impression for superior vena cava [MORE] Describe the diaphragmatic surface of the lung:contacts diaphragm, potential space is utilized by diaphragm

6) Describe anterior, posterior and inferior borders of lung

7) Define following terms pertinent to Lung apex: superior-most tip of lung, reaches ~3 cm above level of sternal end of rib 1 base: broad-concave surface resting on convex surface of diaphragm. laterally and posterior, based bounded by costodiaphragmatic recess root of lung: only place lung connects to rest of body. root is enclosed by a reflection of the pleura and contains bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels segmental bronchi: tertiary branching of the bronchi. 10 in right lung and 8 in left. divide into bronchioles bronchopulmonary segments: the segment of the lung served by the tertiary bronchi

8) Identify Segmental Bronchi in Right Lung A PALM SAM, LP Superior Lobe Apical Anterior Posterior Middle Lobe Lateral Medial Inferior Lobe Superior Medial Basal Anterior Basal Lateral Basal Posterior Basal Identify Segmental Bronchi in Left Lung ASIA ALPS Superior Lobe Apical-Posterior Anterior Superior Inferior Inferior Lobe Superior Anterior-Medial-Basal Lateral Basal Posterior Basal

9) Name the nerves innervating following portions of lung: NOTE: only parietal pleura innervated with sensory, visceral uninnervated with afferent fibers costal pleura: intercostal nerve mediastinal pleura: phrenic nerve diaphragmatic pleura (peripheral): [INNERVATED BY INTERCOSTAL? CAN'T FIND] diaphragmatic pleura (central): phrenic nerve

10) Name 4 sets of lymph nodes into which lungs drain Lymph channels run alongside bronchioles and bronchi. Lymph node clusters occur near hila (pulmonary nodes), near carina (carinal nodes) and alongside trachae (tracheal nodes).

11) Name arterial supply and venous drainage for lungs. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle into lungs where it is oxygenated. serves tertiary bronchi, bronchioles and most lung tissue. Pulmonary veins (2 on each side) bring back same blood into left atrium. Bronchial arteries supply trachae and primary, secondary bronchi with oxygenated blood (2 to left, 1 to right). Arises from thoracic aorta. Bronchial veins return blood from bronchi. right drains into azygos vein, left trains into superior intercostal vein.

12) Describe Parasympathetic effects of vagus nerve upon bronchial smooth muscle, glands and pulmonary vessels: PSNS axons arise from neuronal cell bodies located within numerous terminal ganglia within peribronchial plexi of lungs. PSNS axons release acetylcholine, activating bronchial constriction, and relaxing arteriolar vasodilation Describe Sympathetic effects of vagus nerve upon bronchial smooth muscle, glands and pulmonary vessels SNS axons arise from neuronal cell bodies located within thoracic paravertebral sympathetic chain and directly innervate arteriolar muscle. norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction. indirectly, circulating levels of norepinephrine cause relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle.