11.16.11+-+Blood+Cells+and+Hematopoiesis

>>>> 6000 neutrophils/micro-L >>>> 3000 lymphocytes/micro-L >>>> 600 monocytes/micro-L >>>> 300 eosinophils/micro-L >>>> 100 basophils/micro-L
 * 1) **Describe general features about blood: tissue type, % formed elements, etc.**
 * 2) Blood is a liquid connective tissue. There are three parts: plasma (50-60%), erythrocytes (40-50%), and leukocytes (1%)
 * 3) **Define the terms: blood smear and blood stains.**
 * 4) We did a blood smear. That's that.
 * 5) Use mustard. Gets it out every time. (not true)
 * 6) **Describe the characteristics of plasma and serum.**
 * 7) Plasma is the fluid remaining after after you centrifuge blood. All soluble proteins, clotting factors, fribinogin, etc.
 * 8) Serum is the fluid remaining after blood clots out. It is like plasma, but without the clotting factors and with clotting cytokines released and dissolved.
 * 9) **Describe the structure, function and life span of erythrocytes. List the concentration of RBCs in adult males and females.**
 * 10) Erythrocytes are about 7.5 microm wide and are like an inter tube with a thin continuous membrane spanning the center.
 * 11) They transport O2 from lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to lungs in hemoglobin. Called oxyhemoglobin if carrying O2 and carboxyhemoglobin if carrying CO2.
 * 12) Mature erythrocytes last about 120 days in the blood. Their development process is called erythropoeisis. Each step takes about a day, except for the last one takes 3 days. I remember the 6 steps that I believe we have to know going in reverse developmental order, from terminal stage to pluripotent cell.
 * 13) Erytrocytes develop from reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes; no nucleus; 1-2% of RBC in blood),
 * 14) Reticulocytes develop from erythroblasts (many sub steps)
 * 15) Erythroblasts came from pro erythroblasts.
 * 16) Proerythroblasts developed from mitotically active erythroid colony forming units (CFU)
 * 17) Erythroid CFUs are derivatives of the multi potential myeloid stem cell. The erythroid CFUs are the first step that will definitely be erythrocytes.
 * 18) Multipotential myeloid stem cells differentiate from pluripotent stem cells (along with multi potential lymphoid stem cells)
 * 19) [RBC] in males ~ 5-6E6 /micro-L (It's not exact, but it's easier for me to remember. Same for the female numbers.)
 * 20) [RBC] in females ~ 4-5E6 /micro-L
 * 21) **Define and describe general features about leukocytes.**
 * 22) Leukocytes are commonly called white blood cells. They are spherical. They are active in immune responses, allergies, and inflammation. There are 5 of them:
 * 23) Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil)
 * 24) 60 30 6 3 1 (proportional distribution of leukocytes in order NLMEB)
 * 25) The range of normal leukocyte concentration is 6.6E3-11E3 leukocytes/micro-L, but I like to think of it as there are slightly less than 1E4 leukocytes in 1 micro-L of blood. This makes the easy to convert to real numbers. If anything, the numbers may be a bit high. There are about:
 * 1) **Define the terms granulocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Name the three types of granulocytes. Differentiate azurophilic granules and specific granules.**
 * 2) Granulocytes are leukocytes with specific granules that are only present within them. Granules are lysosomes with various killing enzymes or chemicals. All leukocytes have azurophilic granules (even monocytes and lymphocytes), but there are three leukocytes with specific granules.
 * 3) Neutrophil - specific granules that barely show up in light microscope
 * 4) Eosinophil - as the name implies, granules that are highly eosinophilic
 * 5) Basophil - as the name implies, granules that are highly basophilic
 * 6) **Describe the structure, function, granule content and number/microliter in blood for:**
 * 7) neutrophils: Mature neutrophils (~60%) are called Segmented Neutrophils because they have segmented nuclei. Immature neutrophils (2-5%) have banded (horseshoe shaped) nuclei. Neutrophils are active in the innate immune response to bacterial infection. They are the first into sites of inflammation.
 * 8) eosinophils: Eosinophils are only about 3% of leukocytes and are active in allergic and parasitic innate immune responses.
 * 9) basophils: Basophils are less than 1% of leukocytes and are freshly reported to be antigen-presenting cells (APC). They are also active in allergic responses.
 * 10) **Define the terms agranulocyte and monomorphonuclear leukocyte. Name the two types of a granulocytes.**
 * 11) Agranulocyte: Leukocyte without specific granules: lymphocyte or monocyte. Will still have azurophilic granules.
 * 12) Monomorphonuclear leukocyte: The nucleus is in one nice little shape. The a granulocytes are monomorphonuclear leukocytes. (The inverse term, polymorphonuclear is more commonly used to describe granulocytes.)
 * 13) **Describe the structure, function and number/microliter in blood for: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and monocytes.**
 * 14) T lymphocytes are smallish (~10 micro-m) cells with large nuclei that fill the entire cytoplasm when floating in the blood inactive. There are 2 popular types of T-lymphocytes. And two others. All of them recognize different combinations of Major Histo Compatibility (MHC) complexes present on different cell types. (Bonus fact: CD means Cluster of Differentiation)
 * 15) Helper T-Cells - CD4+ - recognizes Type II MHC on APCs - upregulates adaptive immune response
 * 16) Cytotoxic T-Cells - CD8+ - recognizes Type I MHC present on all cells - releases death
 * 17) Suppressor T-Cells - CD4+CD25+ - stops adaptive immune response
 * 18) Memory T-Cells
 * 19) **Describe the origin, structure, function, and number/microliter in blood of platelets.**
 * 20) Platelets are cytoplasm fragments that sluff off of megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes are produced through thrombopoeisis and derive from the same multi potential myeloid stem cell that erythrocytes develop from. They are active in the clotting of blood. There are about 2-4E5 platelets/micro-L blood.
 * 21) **Define the terms red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, hematopoiesis and formed elements of blood.**
 * 22) Red bone marrow: hematopoeitically active. Erythropoiesis and Leukopoeisis (except for T-Cell-poeisis) occurs in red bone marrow. The stroma is made of reticular fibers and cells. There are also adipocytes.
 * 23) Yellow bone marrow: non-active, but still provides flexibility/energy storage. Filled with adipocytes.
 * 24) Hematopoisis: blood making; goes through common pluripotent - myeloid/lymphoid multi potent - Colony Forming Unit - Blast - Cyte sequence of events. Granulopoiesis continues three more steps
 * 25) Pluripotent
 * 26) Multipotent
 * 27) CFU
 * 28) Blast
 * 29) ProCyte -development of azurophilic granules
 * 30) Cyte - terminal step for erythrocyte, agranulocytes (kind of, monocytes go be a bunch of other stuff in other places, also, B-cells and T-cells further differentiate) and megakaryocytes
 * 31) MetaCyte - these additional steps are the stages that make granulocytes unique: the polymorphonucleus and the specific granules.
 * 32) Banded Phil
 * 33) Phil
 * 34) Formed elements of blood
 * 35) erythrocytes
 * 36) NLMEB
 * 37) platelets
 * 38) Compare and contrast hematopoiesis in the embryo and fetus, birth and early childhood and in the adult.
 * 39) In infants all spongy bone centers are filled with red bone marrow. In healthy adults only axial skeleton, pelvic, and epiphysis of long bones have red bone marrow. Before bone development heatopoiesis begins in the yolk sac and then moves to the liver and the spleen as they differentiate.
 * 40) Describe the structure of red bone marrow including sinusoidal capillaries, stroma, and hematopoietic cells.
 * 41) Red bone marrow is made of sinusoidal capillaries (capillaries with large holes lined with endothelium and patchy basal lamina), stroma (reticular fibers and cells), and hematopoietic cells (pluripotent and multi potential cells, B cells, and megakaryocytes)
 * 42) Describe the characteristics of the following progenitor hematopoietic cells:
 * 43) pluripotential stem cell
 * 44) multipotential stem cell
 * 45) common lymphoid progenitor
 * 46) common myeloid progenitor
 * 47) lymphocyte colony forming cell
 * 48) erythrocyte colony forming cell
 * 49) megakaryocyte forming cell
 * 50) monocyte-granulocyte colony forming cell
 * 51) eosinophil-colony forming cell
 * 52) basophil-colony forming cell
 * 53) Describe the features of precursor or blast cells. Name the types of blast cells.
 * 54) Describe the features and named stages of the following processes:
 * 55) erythrocytopoiesis
 * 56) granulocytopoiesis
 * 57) monocytopoiesis
 * 58) thrombocytopoiesis
 * 59) Identify stimulating and growth factors for hematopoiesis. Name their functions.
 * 60) Erythropoietin - stimulates erythropoiesis; product of kidneys; kidney monitors blood O2 level and if low secretes erythropoietin
 * 61) Interleukins - proteins that make -poeisis happen. almost 40 of them have been found
 * 62) Granulocytes and Macrophages each have their own Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF). They also share one (GM-CSF)
 * 63) Identify the following in a blood smear:
 * 64) Erythrocyte
 * 65) Monocyte
 * 66) Lymphocyte
 * 67) Platelet
 * 68) Eosinophil
 * 69) Neutrophil
 * 70) Band neutrophil
 * 71) Basophil